How Liberals Left the White Working Class Behind

White working-class anger has been simmering for decades, due to globalization, wage stagnation, and the myth of meritocracy.

Bill Clinton鈥檚 Treasury Secretary, Lawrence Summers, admits that he never visited Rust Belt cities devastated by NAFTA. Displaced White workers 鈥渨eren鈥檛 heavily on our radar screen,鈥� he said, noting that the Democratic Party base is a 鈥渃oalition of cosmopolitan elite and diversity.鈥�

Summers鈥� 鈥渃osmopolitan elite鈥� are highly educated, affluent people who travel the world, live in ethnically diverse cities, and are in constant global communication. For them, the benefits of globalization are myriad, and the downsides invisible. But for those whose idea of the good life is more slow-paced and parochial, global economic and communication networks are a threat to their livelihoods, their way of life, and their communities, which have been ravaged by foreclosures, offshoring, and automation.

Our economy is being rocked by hugely disruptive enterprises that have reduced many workers to precarious, underpaid piecework in the gig economy and Amazon fulfillment centers. Artificial intelligence breakthroughs will only elevate the level of disruption.

Successful technocrats sometimes sneer at others鈥� failure to get with the program. Though many affluent liberals have compassion for poor folks, others lean into the myth of the meritocracy to rationalize their wealth, glossing over the intrinsic inequality of a meritocracy in which, by definition, there are winners and losers. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e all fucking welfare cases!鈥� a protestor yelled at Trump rally goers in Albuquerque. 鈥淵ou just don鈥檛 want anyone else getting any!鈥� A heartwarming moment of working-class solidarity it was not.

Fewer than half of Americans born in 1980 will earn as much as their parents, compared to 79% of those born in 1950 and 92% of those born in 1940. Low-wage White workers have seen their pay stagnate or decrease for decades. (Black and Latinx workers鈥� wages have risen but still lag far behind Whites鈥�.) Since 1971, the percentage of middle-class households has fallen by 10%鈥攈alf of those households joined the upper class and half the lower. Little wonder then that the middle class looks with hopeful anticipation upon the rich and with anxious dread upon the poor.

In The Limousine Liberal, historian Steve Fraser traces the rise of right-wing populism to the Nixon presidency when blue-collar Whites realized that 鈥渢heir social contract with New Deal liberalism was expiring.鈥� Structural unemployment and wage stagnation were taking their toll, but the Democrats offered no solutions. Nixon offered no help to the working class either; instead, he celebrated their folkways, initiating a culture war steeped in noble traditions like hard work and humility and pernicious ones like patriarchy and White supremacy. Reagan and George W. Bush carried on in this vein, with Bush going so far with the plutocratic populist ruse as to provide hard hats to the corporate lobbyists who populated his campaign rallies.

Nixon voters鈥� discontent was not only financial. They bemoaned the atomistic quality of modern life writ large. On that score, the situation has only deteriorated. The social fabric is weak, civic participation is anemic, and poor people are regarded as losers, when they鈥檙e regarded at all. The bipartisan myth of the meritocracy has effectively displaced altruistic values of community and care, resulting in social conditions shitty enough to impel nearly 5% of Americans to try to take their own lives.

Coincident with economic precarity and incohesion are several significant demographic and cultural shifts: The proportion of Whites in America has decreased from 88% in 1970 to 72% in 2010. Today, women compete with men in the work-place, gender identities are in flux, multiculturalism is the norm, marriage equality is the law of the land, and there鈥檚 a new lexicon for discussing race and gender鈥攁nd impatience toward those who aren鈥檛 yet hip to it. Whites are, on the whole, overrepresented in higher education, politics, corporate management, and prestigious professions like law, medicine, and journalism. But not working-class Whites. While people of color and middle-class White women are slowly gaining representation, poor Whites鈥� stars are not rising. On the contrary, their well-being, as measured by life expectancy, health, educational attainment, and income, is declining.

These deteriorating social conditions set the stage for race hustlers to forge a counterfeit bond between rich and nonrich Whites鈥攁 bond that tends to suppress any claims the have-nots might make on the wealth of the haves. As Briahna Joy Gray astutely argues, absent a class analysis, calling out Trump鈥檚 racism can perversely bolster his position as the great White savior who has the best interests of White Americans at heart (thereby obscuring his avaricious allegiance to crony capitalism).

While people of color and middle-class White women are slowly gaining representation, poor Whites鈥� stars are not rising.

Racist precepts were constructed to justify the slave trade and have served handily ever since to pit poor Whites against Blacks in the capitalist rat race. As economic inequality hits new extremes, oligarchs are more than happy to have nonrich Whites blame immigrants and people of color for their inability to get ahead. Those who are down-and-out have one of three explanations for their circumstances鈥攖he system is flawed; they鈥檙e losers who have only themselves to blame; or it鈥檚 the fault of scapegoats and their liberal coddlers. To the extent that economic elites seal off door No. 1, our democracy is imperiled by the temptation to enter door No. 3.

Most liberals understand that gender equality and racial and ethnic diversity are not the cause of economic decline, but put yourself in the shoes of a White conservative living in an area undergoing rapid diversification. Ku Klux Klan leader Rachel Pendergraft says that hate groups鈥� numbers are swelling with new members who feel like 鈥渟trangers in their own country.鈥� Even if one isn鈥檛 experiencing downward mobility themselves, seeing others in their community struggle鈥攁nd mistakenly linking those struggles to racial diversity and liberal immigration policy鈥攎akes them worry about what the future holds for them as the White minority.

Liberal professionals look upon nationalism with unmitigated horror, because all they see is the racist aspect. What they鈥檙e missing is how nationalism is a reaction to the detrimental impacts of globalization. Two-thirds of working-class Whites and three- quarters of Trump primary voters see trade deals as harmful to American workers, and there鈥檚 plenty of evidence that they鈥檙e right (and that foreign laborers are being exploited in the bargain as well). When Trump tells them he will bring back their jobs by shredding unpopular trade and climate deals, that sounds pretty damn good.

After NAFTA passed, the president of the electrical workers鈥� union vowed revenge: 鈥淐linton screwed us and we won鈥檛 forget it.鈥� Twenty-four years and a few dozen Trump anti-NAFTA jeremiads later, rank-and-file electrical union members welcomed Trump to their Philadelphia job site. Minnesota iron and steel workers, too, say they鈥檝e never forgiven President Clinton for NAFTA and that Trump won them over with his outspoken commitment to killing the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Trade deals, they say, are their No. 1 issue and the reason the once-solidly blue North Star state is turning red.

Liberal Democrats are right: We鈥檙e not going back to the closeted, corseted, Jim Crow 1950s. But we鈥檙e not going back to the Clintonian 1990s, either. That much was made evident in 2016.

City University of New York sociologist Charlie Post summed up the 2016 debacle like this: 鈥淭raditionally Democratic working-class voters were faced with the choice between a neoliberal who disdained working people and a right-wing populist who promised to bring back well-paying manufacturing jobs. Many stayed home, and a tiny minority shifted their allegiances from the first African-American president to an open racist and xenophobe.鈥� Or, to put it in Michael Moore鈥檚 less academic terms, Trump鈥檚 victory was 鈥渢he biggest fuck you ever recorded in human history.鈥�

Globalization and widening inequality fed right-wing populism for decades.

Post鈥檚 conclusion aligns with the views of Trump voters in blue-collar Howard County, Iowa, which Obama won by 20 points and Trump won by a staggering 41. Pat Murray, a press-brake operator and Democratic member of the county Board of Supervisors, said, 鈥淒emocrats always say we鈥檙e going to fight for the working people. The last few elections, we haven鈥檛 shown that at all.鈥� Murray didn鈥檛 vote for Trump, but his brethren did. And in interview after interview, the reason they gave was Clinton鈥檚 elitism. They caucused for Sanders and, when he lost the primary, turned a desperate eye on Trump.

Blue-collar Whites weren鈥檛 Clinton鈥檚 only detractors. Civil rights scholar Michelle Alexander argued during the primary that Clinton didn鈥檛 deserve Black people鈥檚 vote; evidently, she wasn鈥檛 alone. Eleven percent of Black 2012 Obama voters stayed home in 2016, representing a loss of 1.6 million votes, many of them in swing states that Trump won by razor-thin margins. Some Black Milwaukee residents told reporters they were disillusioned with how little their lives had improved after eight years of Obama and couldn鈥檛 bring themselves to vote for Clinton. As pollster and strategist Stanley Greenberg notes, 鈥淭he Democrats don鈥檛 have a 鈥榃hite working-class problem.鈥� They have a 鈥榳orking-class problem,鈥欌€� borne of decades of alignment with the economic interests of the elite.

To hear political analyst Thomas Frank tell it in Listen, Liberal, too many Democrats have stood by and watched鈥攊f not cheerleaded鈥攁s the invisible hand of the market grabbed Black, brown, and White middle-Americans鈥� wealth and handed it over to oligarchs. Democrats in the Clinton mold have, as Open Markets Institute Policy Director Matt Stoller puts it, 鈥渞eplaced a New Deal-era understanding of economic and political democracy with an ideology that justified the pillaging of working-class Americans by a new group of political and economic elites.鈥� The Democratic Party has moved so far to the right on economic issues that Bernie Sanders鈥� 2016 platform looked like Dwight Eisenhower鈥檚! Having hewed to a centrism that has skewed so far to the right, and having made little effort to reposition the center further to the left, Democrats鈥� working-class mantle was, by 2016, threadbare.

In becoming the party of upper-middle-class professionals that, as Frank puts it, 鈥渘o longer speaks to the people on the losing end of a free-market system that is becoming more brutal and more arrogant by the day,鈥� an opening has been created for the right-wing to co-opt class and for Trump to disingenuously inveigh against the establishment. What鈥檚 more, Frank laments, 鈥淭he task of deploring and denouncing the would-be dictator Trump has entirely crowded out the equally important task of assessing where the Democratic Party went wrong…They don鈥檛 need to persuade anyone. They need only to let their virtue shine bright for all to see.鈥�

You may not agree that neoliberal economic free trade and de-regulatory policies are to blame for our country鈥檚 economic woes, and my task here isn鈥檛 to convince you to reject market capitalism or to see the meritocracy as mythical and arbitrary. I鈥檓 suggesting that there are social and political conditions, other than or in addition to bigotry, that make many working- and lower-middle- class people feel 鈥渓eft behind.鈥� If they hired Trump to blow up a system they see as rigged, campaigns that promise to return to the good ol鈥� days of 2015鈥攂efore Trump ruined everything鈥攚ill not inspire, nor will conversations that refuse to acknowledge how the good ol鈥� days were rife with cynicism and despair. Trump鈥檚 solutions to complex problems are dangerous, simplistic, and cruel, but the problems are real.

This excerpt from by Erica Etelson appears with permission of New Society Publishers. A fully referenced version appears in the book.

Erica Etelson 聽is a depolarization researcher specializing in political communication and the author of Beyond Contempt: How Liberals Can Communicate Across the Great Divide. A former human rights attorney and longtime activist, she has engaged in legal, grassroots, and electoral campaigns in support of a range of environmental and social justice issues and candidates. Erica is a member of the National Writers Union and an active member of Working America, AFL-CIO. She can be reached at聽www.ericaetelson.com.