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Millions of Americans enjoy observing and photographing wildlife near their homes or on trips. But when people get too close to wild animals, they risk  or even . It happens regularly, despite the threat of .

These four articles from The Conversation鈥檚 archive offer insights into how wild animals view humans and how our presence affects nearby animals and birds鈥攑lus, a scientist鈥檚 perspective on what鈥檚 wrong with wildlife selfies.

1. They鈥檙e Just Not That Into You

In some parts of North America, wild animals that once were hunted to near-extinction have rebounded in recent decades. Wild turkeys, white-tailed deer, beavers, and black bears are examples of wild species that have returned to large swaths of their pre-settlement ranges. As human development expands, people and animals are finding themselves in close quarters.

How do the animals react? Conservation researcher  and her colleagues radio-collared black bears in central and western Massachusetts and found that the bears avoided populated areas, except when their natural food sources were less abundant in spring and fall. During those lean seasons, the bears would visit food sources in developed areas, such as bird feeders and garbage cans鈥攂ut they , contrary to their usual habits, to avoid contact with humans.

鈥淲ild animals are increasing their nocturnal activity in response to development and other human activities, such as hiking, biking and farming,鈥� Zeller reports. 鈥淎nd people who are scared of bears may be comforted to know that most of the time, black bears are just as scared of them.鈥�

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2. Wild Animals Turn Up in Unexpected Places

When a recovering species shows up on its old turf or in its former waters, humans aren鈥檛 always happy to make room for it. Ecologist  studied sea lions in New Zealand, a formerly endangered species that moves inland from the coast to breed, often showing up .

Frans and her colleagues created a database that they used to find and map potential breeding grounds for sea lions all over the New Zealand mainland. They also identified potential challenges for the animals, such as roads and fences that could block their inland movement.

鈥淲hen wild species enter new areas, they inevitably will have to adapt, and often will have new kinds of interactions with humans,鈥� Frans writes. 鈥淚 believe that when communities understand the changes and are involved in planning for them, they can prepare for the unexpected, with coexistence in mind.鈥�

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3. Your Presence Has a Big Impact

How close to wildlife is too close? Guidelines vary, but as a starting point, the  staying at least 25 yards (23 meters) away from wild animals, and 100 yards (91 meters) from predators such as bears or wolves.

In a review of hundreds of studies, conservation scholars , , and  found that human presence .

鈥淎nimals may flee from nearby people, decrease the time they feed and abandon nests or dens,鈥� they report. 鈥淥ther effects are harder to see, but can have serious consequences for animals鈥� health and survival. Wild animals that detect humans can experience physiological changes, such as increased heart rates and elevated levels of stress hormones.鈥�

The scholars鈥� review found that the distance at which human presence starts to affect wildlife varies by species, although large animals generally need more distance. Small mammals and birds may change their behavior when people come within 300 feet (91 meters), while large mammals, like elk and moose, can be affected by humans up to 3,300 feet (1,006 meters) away鈥攎ore than half a mile.

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4. Don鈥檛 Take Wildlife Selfies, Even if You鈥檙e a Scientist

There are stories from around the world of people . Some involve wildlife, such as a traveler in India who was  in 2018 when he stopped to photograph himself with the animal.

Tourists are often the culprits, but they鈥檙e not alone. As ocean scientist  explains, scientists who have special permission to handle wild animals as part of their field research sometimes use this opportunity to .

鈥淚 have witnessed the making of many researcher-animal selfies, including photos with restrained animals during scientific study,鈥� Ward-Paige recounts. 鈥淚n most cases, the animal was only held for an extra fraction of a second while vigilant researchers simply glanced up and smiled for the camera already pointing in their direction.鈥�

鈥淏ut some incidents have been more intrusive. In one instance, researchers had tied a large shark to a boat with ropes across its tail and gills so that they could measure, biopsy and tag it. Then they kept it restrained for an extra 10 minutes while the scientists took turns hugging it for photos.鈥�

In Ward-Paige鈥檚 view, legitimizing wildlife selfies in this way encourages people who don鈥檛 have scientific training or understand animal behavior to think that taking them is OK. That undercuts warnings from agencies like the National Park Service and puts both people and animals in danger.

Instead, she urges fellow scientists to 鈥渨ork to show the vulnerability of our animal subjects more clearly鈥� and help guide the public to observe wildlife safely and responsibly.

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This article was originally published by . It has been published here with permission.