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Elizabeth Villag贸mez Cruz rarely runs afoul of the 鈥淔ive Rs鈥� of zero-waste living鈥攔efuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, rot鈥攏o matter what it takes. One day while traveling, she was craving esquites, a common snack sold by street vendors throughout Mexico, made of corn kernels in a cup with salsa and mayonnaise. She refused a Styrofoam cup from the vendor and was without a reusable container after her dogs chewed up the one she normally carries in her car. But the vendor came up with a creative solution.

鈥淭he gentleman, in order to make the sale, went and asked another vendor who sold tamales for a plantain leaf 鈥� and gave me my esquites in a plantain leaf,鈥� says Villag贸mez, who founded Zero Market M茅xico, a chain of stores in Mexico City that cater to the zero-waste lifestyle. She says this episode is the perfect illustration of uniquely Mexican, ingenious solutions to reducing waste.

鈥淚 believe those who want to help the environment can come up with a creative solution in a country like ours,鈥� Villag贸mez says.

The greater Mexico City metropolitan area is home to nearly 22 million people, making it one of the largest urban areas in the Western hemisphere. But along with the city鈥檚 size comes an equally large waste problem.

Big City, Bigger Plastic Problem

Mexico City鈥檚 determined the Mexican capital produces nearly 13,000 tons of garbage every day within city limits, with nearly half coming from household waste. Between 30% and 35% of that daily waste is composed of packaging materials, the vast majority of which is made of plastic. In other words, chilangos鈥攁 playful term used to refer to people living in the capital鈥攑roduce a lot of plastic waste that ends up littering streets or filling landfills, impacting residents鈥� quality of life and making the city less habitable.

From , Mexico City authorities of various political stripes have been trying to tackle鈥攚ith varying degrees of success鈥攖he city鈥檚 waste problem since the first waste management program . The city has long struggled to develop an integral waste management program. The administrative divisions that comprise the metropolitan area make coordination between local governments difficult. Landfill sites are under , and those involved in the that sees people sort through garbage and dumps for recyclable materials to sell are reluctant to implement changes that could affect their income.

In an effort to respond to public demands for action on the environment and habitability, the administration of Claudia Sheinbaum, the city鈥檚 head of government who previously served as environment secretary for the city, decided to try a different tactic. In addition to the city鈥檚 ongoing efforts to manage and reduce waste, it also implemented changes intended to reduce the production and consumption of plastic waste. 

In 2019, the city鈥檚 legislature approved reforms to its Solid Waste Law, banning single-use plastics, making it one of the largest jurisdictions in the world to enact such a measure.

Valentina de Leo, communications coordinator at Plastic Oceans M茅xico, a nonprofit that works to end plastic pollution, says the effort to change the city鈥檚 law was a grassroots struggle, born from civil society, which took inspiration from similar efforts in Europe. Activists and NGOs, including Plastic Oceans M茅xico, created the Mexico Without Plastics Alliance, which brought together dozens of environmental organizations in order to participate in the legislative process and provide a vehicle for people to confront lobbying by the plastics industry and its efforts to uphold the status quo.

As part of the staggered rollout of the law, in 2020 stores were banned from giving plastic bags to customers. Starting this year, stricter measures came into effect, banning more than a dozen single-use plastics such as utensils, plates, straws, balloons, and coffee pods.

Salvador 脕vila, executive director at Plastic Oceans M茅xico, considers the city鈥檚 effort to reduce the consumption of plastic an important step forward.

鈥淭here isn鈥檛 a product in the world that we can over-consume in a sustainable way,鈥� says 脕vila.

Still, there has been great resistance from the plastics industry. Even after the reform was approved, the industry worked to delay its implementation, citing fears that the ban would have a negative economic effect.

脕vila says he understands the reticence of some, but argues that the moment calls for more urgency.

鈥淭he problem is that this issue is so big that we cannot proceed slowly; we cannot allow change to happen at a comfortable pace,鈥� says 脕vila. 

It is a sentiment shared by de Leo, who argues that private industry has had time to adapt.

鈥淚f [the general public] were sufficiently aware of how serious the problem is, people would be demanding that this legislation be expanded to have even greater reach,鈥� says de Leo. 鈥淚 am not saying it is easy, but at the end of the day, economic benefits cannot be justified in light of the harm to people鈥檚 health and the environment.鈥�

Resistance to change has not only come from the plastics industry, however. An informal survey in late 2020 by the city鈥檚 environment secretariat found that of restaurants and street-food vendors had stopped giving out single-use plastics. 

鈥淵ou cannot demand a street vendor in [the working-class borough of] Iztapalapa or right here in [the borough of] Cuauht茅moc to stop using plastics when officials have not approached them to give them an orientation, when there is no cooperation with civil society groups who could contribute to this cultural shift,鈥� says Piero Barandiar谩n, one of the leaders at the Huerto Roma Verde, a community center in Mexico City that promotes environmental and social justice.

Gonzalo Marino Pe帽a Davila is a street-food vendor in the Ju谩rez neighborhood of Mexico City. His family has been selling tacos, quesadillas, and other Mexican food in the neighborhood for 39 years. 

Pe帽a says that he supports the new law, and wants to see more action taken to preserve the environment, but that vendors like him need more support. While he is in regular contact with city officials, authorities have yet to talk to him about the changes to the Solid Waste Law. 

Nonetheless he has begun to make changes on his own, such as reducing his use of single-use plastics and buying biodegradable utensils and plates.

鈥淲e鈥檝e had to absorb that cost because we cannot raise our prices; we鈥檝e kept our prices the same for two years so that we do not lose any customers and so that our customers leave happy,鈥� says Pe帽a. 

Although his business has been able to stay afloat despite the pandemic, he concedes that he has already seen a drop in customers and these new rules could not have come at a worse time.

鈥淚t has been very difficult and our income has dropped, but we have been working everyday this whole past year during the pandemic and that is how we have managed,鈥� says Pe帽a.

Pe帽a says some of his customers are environmentally conscious and come with containers in hand to take food home, but others continue to ask him to prepare meals to go using plastic bags. Pe帽a says he tries to reason with them where possible, asking them to take the food wrapped in paper instead, but he feels he has no choice but to concede to a customer鈥檚 demands for plastic for fear of losing a sale.

Beyond that, Pe帽a says he has done what he can to try to get his customers to adapt, putting up signage about the new law, but he says more could be done to change people鈥檚 habits.

Making Zero Waste Mexican

Zero Market M茅xico鈥檚 Villag贸mez says that, in her experience, changing habits in Mexico does not come easy.

Villag贸mez started her zero-waste lifestyle while living in France after attending a workshop with Bea Johnson, a prominent figure in the modern zero waste movement. In France, Villag贸mez found it easy to make changes to her habits. She had no trouble finding stores that welcomed reusable containers, and finding and purchasing goods that complied with the Five R鈥檚 came easy.

Upon returning to Mexico, however, she found that the infrastructure to support the lifestyle simply did not exist, and she struggled to find the products she needed. 

鈥淭o find what I was looking for I had to go to 80 different places,鈥� says Villag贸mez.

She also found there was resistance from vendors and stores when she would try to use her own container. Even her family criticized her, telling her it was like going back to the Stone Age.

So she decided to try to solve the problem herself, and began selling products that help people adopt the zero-waste lifestyle, such as reusable containers, zero-waste personal hygiene products, and cleaning products free of excessive packaging. At first, she sold in bazaars and markets, but in 2017, she decided to open a permanent physical store. Zero Market now has three storefronts around Mexico City and one in Santiago de Quer茅taro, offering more than 750 products on sale.

Since founding Zero Market, Villag贸mez says she has seen how the movement has grown and how her own list of vendors that abide by zero-waste rules has expanded. She is confident that despite the cultural barriers present, the zero-waste lifestyle could become mainstream in Mexico, as long as it reflects the local realities.

鈥淲e Mexicans have it ingrained in us that we must do what we can with what we have. Sometimes we do not have as many resources as wealthy countries, and we creatively solve [problems],鈥� says Villag贸mez.

Reflecting on her experience with the esquites vendor who got creative to make the sale, she says, 鈥淚 am sure that in France, or any other country, this ingenuity to make it work with whatever is on hand would not happen.鈥�

The zero waste movement has been regularly criticized for being inaccessible to working class and low-income people. Villag贸mez says one of the things that appealed to her about the zero-waste lifestyle was the potential to save money. As a result, she works to ensure that the items she sells are priced affordably, something that has even greater significance in a country like Mexico with its high levels of poverty and inequality. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Mexico has the of the population in poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The problem is that this issue is so big that we cannot proceed slowly; we cannot allow change to happen at a comfortable pace,鈥� says 脕vila.

But there is a still a stigma in Mexico about the zero-waste lifestyle. 鈥淭he mindset that this lifestyle is only for the wealthy exists in Mexico,鈥� says Villag贸mez. 鈥淲e want to change that mentality.鈥�

She suggests that low- and middle-income countries could export the creative and accessible solutions developed in the Global South. As an example, she points to the invention, by a Brazilian student, of a sustainable banana fiber tampon to make feminine hygiene products more accessible to low-income people.

Villag贸mez argues that one major oversight in the rollout of Mexico City鈥檚 plastic ban was the absence of public education to equip consumers with the information they need to make informed decisions and demand change from vendors.

Piero Barandiar谩n of the Huerto Roma Verde community center says he understands the city has a limited capacity to educate the public, but argues that it could have worked together with civil society groups who have decades of experience and connections to their communities. Without more of an effort to create consciousness in the public, he fears this could be a 鈥渄ead law鈥� that is openly flouted.

Huerto Roma Verde is home to a wide array of projects, from permaculture to seed conservation to a recycling depot; the space regularly hosts community events and festivals in non-COVID times; there is a sweat lodge for traditional healing; and a cat rescue shares the space. 

Barandiar谩n says that people who drop off their recyclable materials at the depot do so on a voluntary basis, and instead of being paid for the material, they get in-kind gifts, such as seeds or plants. The experience of Huerto Roma Verde shows the will to take action on environmental issues is there鈥攂ut city officials have not learned how best to tap into it.

鈥淲e would love it if government and private industry would collaborate more with us, but at the end of the day, what has always solved this situation has been self-determination and the cooperation of all of these people who are here in this space, donating their labor, donating their knowledge, and betting on a cause that is giving a sense of purpose to many people who live in cities,鈥� says Barandiar谩n.

Nonetheless, those at Huerto Roma Verde are constantly working to forge new partnerships. In what often comes as a surprise to visitors who see the care that is taken to make it an ecological space, Barandiar谩n says they even work with Coca-Cola鈥檚 affiliate FEMSA. With financial assistance from private industry, Huerto Roma Verde has been able to purchase plastic processing machines. The hope is to eventually use recycled plastic to make street furniture that will be installed throughout the city.

Similarly, Plastic Oceans M茅xico is seeking to work with the federal government to develop an education module that can be implemented in schools across the country. The hope is also that the single-use plastic ban in Mexico City could serve as a model for a nationwide law, with Plastic Oceans M茅xico already working with federal lawmakers to make it a reality and affect change at a broader level.

鈥淭here is no way that environmental aims will be met if private industry, civil society groups, and government do not work together,鈥� says Barandiar谩n. 鈥淔or us it is quite necessary to take advantage of this socio-environmental knowledge and innovation hand-in-hand with government and private industry. This lack of cooperation is what is causing us to have serious habitability problems in the city.鈥�

At one point, Huerto Roma Verde was working with Victor Toledo, a well-regarded biologist and environmentalist who was then the federal environment secretary, to implement the community-center-cum-permaculture model developed by Huerto Roma Verde in every state in the country, but Toledo鈥檚 exit from the environment secretariat killed the project.

鈥淚t becomes very complicated to collaborate with authorities when their political will does not translate into acts,鈥� says Barandiar谩n.

Still they press forward with their efforts to replicate their success, working to create a similar project in the municipality of Xochitepec, in the state of Morelos, south of Mexico City.

鈥淲e have to start working hand-in-hand and I think that is precisely the proposition of the Huerto: to see each other as equals, see each other as part of the same cause and that we need, no matter what, a space where we can start to find common ground,鈥� says
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